in coastal sites is associated with the consumption of insufficiently cooked fish resources. Results suggest a low parasite burden relating to infection with pinworms, whipworms, and possible strongylids, as well as an absence of infection in most of the individuals. PCR amplification yielded negative results in all cases. The microscopy analysis allowed us to recover helminth eggs of five different taxa in seven samples, attributed to Diphyllobotrium sp., Dipylidium caninum, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris sp., and possible strongylid.
We rehydrated and sedimented the samples to concentrate the micro-remains and then conducted light microscopy examination and paleogenetic analysis. We analyzed 26 human coprolites and digestive tract contents, most of them contained in mummified human bodies, from coastal and inland archaeological sites in the Atacama Desert (3000–500 BP), to test for gastrointestinal parasites. Paleoparasitological studies have provided insights into ancient parasite occurrence and its relationship to the health, lifestyle, and cultural practices of past populations. We propose that social relations of reproduction and sexual division of labor between the late archaic and the formative society underwent radical transformations, the most direct impact of which could be the social control of female sexuality through the establishment of a kinship-based socio-political regime. On a regional scale, a dichotomous distribution was observed between archaic and formative cemeteries, based on the ratio between adult women and non-adults. The results show a cemetery with all age ranges and a 1:1 sex ratio. A significant number of contextual references were recovered, and an exploratory analysis of the variation in the sex-age structure of some cemeteries in the region was carried out. The bioanthropological collections of the Tarapacá 40 Cemetery underwent an osteological survey, designed to identify their sexual and age structure. In this paper we propose explanatory hypotheses about the sexual politics that were from time to time implemented in the configuration of the Pampa del Tamarugal formative community, with the aim to contribute to the archaeological study of social reproduction. The settlement is in a time period that represents the transition from one life style based on hunting and gathering to another supported by agriculture. Tarapacá-40 is one of the most important sites in northern Chile in particular and the south central Andes in general at this time. We then assess the implications of these new data for the Formative period in the region. This article provides new radiocarbon dates from mortuary contexts at the Tarapacá-40 cemetery site in northern Chile, in the Tarapacá Valley, and assesses them in regard to the associated human remains and cultural material, especially pottery, textiles, and other objects in some of the tombs. En particular, porque este sitio ha representado una de las expresiones más notables de los cambios económicos y culturales ocurridos tanto en el norte chileno como en los Andes Centro Sur, tradicionalmente asociado al tránsito de un modo de vida basado en la caza y recolección a otro sustentado en la agricultura. A partir de una reflexión en torno a estas dataciones y sus implicancias culturales, confrontamos planteamientos anteriores y recientes respecto al período Formativo de Tarapacá.
Estos son evaluados y discutidos en relación a recientes estudios de sus restos humanos y del material cultural asociado, en especial de su alfarería, los tejidos y la gran diversidad de ofrendas en algunas tumbas. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es compartir los últimos datos y fechados de radiocarbono obtenidos para el cementerio Tarapacá-40 (norte de Chile).
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